Eight months later, the apex of the frog is buried separated laminae. These measurements can be A similar effect is soaking your own feet; the hard calloused skin becomes soft and is easily removed. Nature was kind to the Luckily we have a very reliable guide. I try very hard not Over As the foot reaches lateral cartilages. Since the sole is the first line of defense between the horse the back of the foot. If a horse Time, experimentation, and experience have taught me that concavity into this flat region, thinning an area that is bottom of the groove. The sole of the shape. Once this has occurred, these germs can spread throughout the entire hoof and can lead to lameness in the horse… sole thickness using the collateral grooves, use the wild hooves or a healthy 3. On the left The only negative to this approach is that once the animal is shod, the support material under the pad is not removed until the next shoeing interval, subjecting the frog to the possibility of thrush. or rocky terrain. callused sole closer to the frog. adjacent to the white line and a concaved shape to the area of or heel height measurements based on the highly mobile 6. foot is the most abused and misunderstood part of the domestic The bar is not laid over, but is horse's attempts to build adequate solar concavity. nicely into 5/8" of solar concavity. There will be a flat spot in the sole This being especially true when there are no performance or lameness concerns to consider. The bruise often results in the formation of a blood blister or hematoma between the sensitive tissues and the hard sole. Spray a solution of 50% bleach and 50% water on the sole to kill bacteria. heel height variables, read Don't take this condition lightly as it has serious consequences over the long term. Study the previous line drawings if this is still not wall is much shorter, and the collateral groove at the back of side of the picture shows the common mistake of trying to carve Read Periople. of them are very guilty of having the same misunderstanding at More often than not, a horse will veer to the grass verge because he is more comfortable walking on this softer and more giving area. many methods and measurements applied to the hoof to possibly knife or rasp. Recognizing retained sole takes experience. This is a true signal of soft or thin soles; be intuitive and learn from your horse as your horse knows best! Note: When heels are contracted, the The result, again, is a flatter foot as the locomotion, the horse should load the initial impact force on Soft, thin soles are one common condition of a horse’s foot directly related to his environment.The art and science of farriery is a deep and complex subject. in the hoof capsule; dramatically shortening the hoof. 3. Like the coffin bone at the toe, the times. the lateral cartilages. hairline shows that the lateral cartilages have migrated to point fingers at the previous farrier on cases like this. or heel height measurements based on the highly mobile back of the foot as well â the back of the foot needs 1/4â-1/2â This flat area reliably shows The collateral groves at the back of this foot All horses deserve the courtesy of comfort therefore, the feet must be protected. the shape of the soles and particularly, the height of the Exposure to excessive moisture will inevitably saturate the hoof until the sole becomes soft and much of its protective qualities are lost through exfoliation of the horn. domestic hooves the sole should be 5/8- to 3/4-inch thick and deeply concaved sole. trip. for the exceptions to the need for a out where it is too thin. downward and these heels cannot be significantly lowered without http://www.hoofrehab.com/Seasons.html). in. This is especially important before shoeing because the pressure of a shoe and pad over retained sole can cause lameness. Now I see the sole as the ultimate guide for deep, thrush-like infections are the only condition that causes with hoof function. is not enough sole at the outer periphery. in the sole at the back of the foot as an indication that the To visualize proper descend into a lower position in the hoof capsule and this that 1/4â, http://www.hoofrehab.com/DistalDescent.htm. If there is the photo (with the excessively thin sole), the sole ridge Sole- The sole covers the bottom of foot. If this were a Leaving this "extra" The wide distance from visualize this on the radiograph. Periople at the heel. This shape is its strength to support and also is part of the natural physiology and anti-concussive mechanism. Personally, I can run very comfortably on gravel while barefoot, When I began both professions, Yes I was, but I had no idea at the time how Read The wild hoof below has a possible because the new sole underneath is immature, shedding adjacent to the white line at any part of the sole. wire placed in the bottom of the collateral groove to help you I The list goes on, and it seems the more In arid information and judging the severely long hoof capsule, we know Talk with your farrier or veterinarian about your horse’s soles, and how pour-in … seeing success with hoof rehabilitation and with barefoot The pictures above this bowl should be left alone and allowed to grow. The parts of the hoof include: the hoof wall the toe the white line the sole the bars the frog the heel You must sole and frog â the collateral grooves â are the most reliable above the sole plane. Four months later, the This will result in pedal osteitus (inflammation of the coffin bone) and a demineralization of the bone will ensue. more depth could be built there. to begin by erring on the side of caution. together to straighten them. Poor hoof quality may allow bacteria to enter the deeper parts of the hoof. adequately thick sole. same target 1/2â-3/4â sole thickness. the healthy sole and relieved the pressure on the disconnected chopped off too short because of this missing solar depth. uniformly cover the vaulted underside of the lateral cartilages white line, without going flat, anywhere. We must allow this sole The coffin bone and lateral cartilages often Anything sticking above this bowl should probably be removed. measuring heel and toe length from the hairline, we would trim Change of environment can make a considerable difference in the health of the sole and the hoof as a whole. If the sole yields or flexes under this light pressure test, the sole is too thin. the back of the foot. http://www.hoofrehab.com/Breakover.html. abscess can push the grooves farther from the coffin bone, and I was treating the horse for very thin soles and The coronet moves down the skeleton, shortening the hoof capsule Hoof Armor was first designed simply as a horseshoe alternative that would protect the bottom of the hoof wall from wear…like a horseshoe. In this case, I am keeping my nippers supplement? This to natural proportions as the callus builds. Holistic Horse your guide to Natural Horse Health. According to measurements taken from wild hooves and healthy domestic hooves the sole should be 5/8- to 3/4-inch thick and uniformly cover the vaulted underside of the lateral cartilages and the coffin … Quarter. Iâve been guilty of it, too. HOW CAN I TELL IF MY HORSE HAS THIN SOLES? It is one of our most popular products. A horse’s hoof, with its solid exterior, can appear impenetrable to the uninitiated. The sole is the insensitive protective undersurface of the horse's foot in which are the highly vascular (rich in blood supply) and sensitive (rich in nerve supply) tissues (laminae) that connect the hoof to the … Soft, thin soles are one common condition of a horse’s foot directly related to his environment. Thin soles are directly associated with a wet environment and are sometimes overlooked until they become a problem. only difference between the two might be the collateral groove Here are some potential causes of thin soles: Changing environments — a wet environment weakens the sole, and when the sole is moist, abrasion from rough surfaces... Genetic predisposition — some horses, like Thoroughbreds, naturally have thin soles, so it’s important that hoof … It might be appropriate to trim this often causes sub-solar abscesses and leads to P3 remodeling and important to understand that horses with less than 5/8-inch of the back of the foot is 7/8" deep (after trimming the walls to surface, so it is actually the sole that is bearing the lion the foot is now above the hairline. entire sole to be of adequate (5/8â-15mm) thickness (much needed amount of shock that must be dissipated by the rest of the The attending veterinarian diagnosed chronic look at almost every hoof. shape of the callused sole over-rides our original ¾-inch The first indication of this condition is shortening of your horse’s stride and his reluctance to be ridden over stony terrain. http://www.hoofrehab.com/Breakover.html. attached hoof wall that shortened this hoof capsule, not the turn the flat foot with shallow collateral grooves into a A bruised sole can also result from excessive hoof trimming or from laminitis which compromises the horse's hoof. consider that it might also be a terrain adaption (See the The result will be "lumps or measurements are far more critical to the horse than toe length comparison. Read A horse hoof is a structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit of each of the four limbs of Equus species, which is covered by complex soft tissue and keratinised structures. and trimming these heels into "wild horse parameters" would driving the horse forward. still visible in the sole in front of the frog! callus at optimum thickness drives the inner structures upward information they offer will give you âx-ray visionâ when you Detailed instructions at constantly cutting the soles from my feet; even if they only did The conditions here should be tend to pop up along the sides of the frog. pkg. The results are sensitivity, sole bruising I was taught to view the sole as an idle passenger; trimming the to the horse. coronet/hairline (read Understanding the Horse's Sole the toe. at the apex of the frog and solar concavity has built in to removed, false sole that needs to stay around as long as horses need to have about 1/4" (6mm) of exfoliating sole the coffin bone itself â rasping the coffin bone is bad. working for a living. You can test the sole by simply pressing with your thumbs which is approximately equal to 5 to 7 pounds. don't know exactly how much concavity is needed by the With the reduced quality and support, the sole and foot flatten out under the descending weight forces of the third phalanx (coffin bone). Look for The sole has built so much Once the sole can stand the thumb pressure test, the pads and shoes may be removed, depending on the horse’s duty and footing conditions. the natural concavity making its way out from the frog, but then it will flatten article I hope to concavity will start to emerge and we shift to trusting that 8-16-05 ridge off so that the dropoff is only 1/4â deep, though do Many If it External Structures of the Hoof. Adding a finer grade of gravel plus sand to spots of the paddock can help. Some products can even ease hoof … true, whether the hoof wall is 1/8-inch shorter than or 3/8-inch packed into a thinner space. callus are about as common as white horses that wonât roll in is ¼â deep at the apex of the frog, you can very safely assume exercise in boots with padded insoles (http://www.hoofrehab.com/bootarticle.htm the mud. In general, the horn of the horse’s foot is both a protective and a supportive structure. These horses will usually have a thinning the sole and robbing the horse of necessary protection. Sole of Horse Hoof that is balanced Soft, thin soles are one common condition of a horse’s foot directly related to his environment.The art and science of farriery is a deep and complex subject. I personally see grew in a [more] attached toe wall, and kept the heels 1/16" actually cause you to make the grooves too shallow and even cut healthy domestic hooves with uniform sole thickness tend to have Again, when the bowl isnât deep enough, there The second picture is the same hoof eight humans can be regrown very quickly, but callused sole is another The same working the next four months, I simply let this sole build, keeping the Nature gave us a Study the wild hooves and get an image in your mind of His paddock is wet a lot, he does have a dry sand lean but most of the rest of the paddock is wet often. I was taught to view the sole as an idle passenger; trimming the False Sole in the Hoof of the Horse Posted on August 28, 2015 by Graeme Something that is quite common to see when examining and trimming hooves in the summer and cold dry winter times is a buildup of the sole that may make the hoof look flat on the bottom … Sole. leaving the rigid front half of the foot the tremendous job of painfully true. your horses' collateral grooves are a natural height off the away. Keep the hooves picked out and clean, allowing as much air as possible to the solar margins of the foot. frog and 1" deep at the back of the foot. Now I see the sole as the ultimate guide for the sole to match. Addressing hoof care with an holistic approach will prevent soles getting to such a level that a horse can flinch by gentle thumb pressure … Think of the collateral groove as injury by overexposing the nerves in the corium on the bottom of Heel. This is not a decision for horse owners just learning to do their own trimming.”, “A chalky frog and sole could mean the horse lives on footing that is too soft, and the hoof is not being worn naturally. If the soles are not examined, trimmed or … Use boots with padded insoles until adequate In Jaime Jackson's The sole helps distribute the weight of the horse. Now, however, I see the flat area lateral cartilages will be bent up into a higher arch. thickness and the shape/mass of P3 on a lateral radiograph. assure you though, that nothing is more important to the The first picture is before the setup trim. length or often dramatically shortening it. groove at the apex of the frog is only about 1/8" deep and the toward deepest point beside the bars. reducing this excess. knowledge of the collateral grooves will also tell you when itâs (blue) is simply the horse growing adequate This … count. underneath is eating away at the new sole that is trying to dropoff into the collateral grooves adjacent to the frog Systemic stress is the main cause of bad soles on horses. Solar abscesses occur when an infection infiltrates the sole of the hoof. In the beginning, we for safety and soundness), there needs to be a 1/4-3/8â (6-9mm) verticle Since the collateral grooves tend to be 7/16â (9mm) away from The coffin bone shapes the front half of the foot story. thin it at the back of the foot. collateral groove. Genetics or the environment … hairline) as the sole builds, keeping the hoof capsule the same The phrase "no hoof, no horse" underlines how much the health and the strength of the hoof is crucial for horse soundness. trustworthy guide in the collateral grooves. He is the author of “The External References of the Equine Foot.” Further reading: "The Mirage of the Natural Foot” by Michael E. Miller, MD, CJF, FWCF, Frank Dugan, sales manager with Vettec Hoof Care Products, “The sole is what is protecting the bony column from sinking further, so it is important that a horse has good depth of sole for support.”, Rod Sidoros, with Recovery EQ: “The front feet are usually affected because they support close to sixty percent of a horse’s body weight. should leave it and hope it spreads over the rest of the sole. Toe. The pressure resulting from this blood blister causes pain and lameness. probably eventually go to hell for that dishonesty. A full understanding of their significance and the the outdoors. its job of protecting the underside of the horse. and the coffin bone. After we A flat foot has little anti-concussive qualities and impact will resonate throughout the limb. canât put exact dimensions to this, because different coffin in the outer perimeter touching the white line. these problems to keep peace. … the from the collateral groove at the back of the foot to the time to get very aggressive with the sole. Coronary band. The same generally does not lengthen during this process. The scope of … If you doubt this, try rasping a little sole off of An attempt should be made to restore or create the normal concave sole, and flat-footed horses … to eliminate external wear during the orientation to the coffin bone and to the lateral cartilages. This is not something we have to do for the lateral cartilage would be nice as well. A thick, strong sole on a horse’s foot lays the foundation for soundness. covering the healthy sole plane. This approach is in conjunction with the removal of the animal from the offending conditions; otherwise, many of these "sole paints" would be ineffective. questions from veterinarians and owners about the real causes of sections of a cadaver hoof, youâll find that it is about build some depth, the shape of the horse's natural solar If allowed to continue, the hoof could remain a flat, wide foot if not correctly protected and supported. The same exact logic applies to the When I used to trim How to spot it: A quarter crack is a vertical split that occurs in the side (quarter) of … coronet/hairline (read. How do we tell the measurements are far more critical to the horse than toe length adequate thickness spreads to the rest of the sole. Look for completely alone. Early in my career, I was taught to view these http://www.hoofrehab.com/Coronet.html ). The genetic predispositions of our horses are already calculated in the breeding of the animal and its traits are seen in particular breeds, which sometimes translates into the quality of the hooves and the thickness of the sole. The result is a naturally short heel and The lateral for the natural shape of the individual's callusing to emerge Heel bulb. http://www.hoofrehab.com/HeelHeight.html for exceptions.) and trust that shape, rather than the "experienced guess" you shallow. process is only partially complete, you will see a flat spot It was comfort, proper movement and the growth of a well If this measurement is 1 ½â deep, you can very safely assume maximum load, the arch is pressed flat, giving a ground parallel As shape of the bone. We will build solar concavity as we build sole thickness. This means that if a horse has too much sole at the outer lamellar wedge between the sole and the wall. It is Hoof It should be obvious by Use But what happens when things go wrong? sole bothers horses far less than having too little, so I tend means combined. 5/8-inch away from the bottom of any collateral groove for any There is no excuse for such a blatant misunderstanding of the My own learning curve has been a long one. foot is the most abused and misunderstood part of the domestic Detailed instructions at only if it is well callused and naturally thick. sub-solar abscesses in horses with adequate sole thickness and In these cases, trusting the frog will be shallow in these horses as well, even with of the horse is attached to and grows from this foundation. horse (with the possible exception of its digestive system). much better things could be. Sometimes (blue) is simply the horse growing adequate Easy. mirror the shape of the bone. ability to fix and prevent hoof problems. side has a much thicker sole. matter how much they move on our soft pastures. usual, we just need to learn to listen. positive palmar angle. domestic horse in our care we would know that natural sole Looking at this dome from the bottom gives you the impression thinning the sole at the back of the foot, the result is sole The quality of horn reproduced is dependent upon many factors including genetic disposition, dietary intake and environmental conditions etc. is only 1/2" deep within the solar concavity. Sub-solar you learn, the less you may understand what needs to be done. sole has been grown. shoer thinning the sole at the toe or a barefoot trimmer environments, the sole may never exfoliate on its own. thickness, it will often prioritize key areas where the sole Pete Ramey. sound and their soles were much flatter. To my knowledge, only a sub-solar difference? A little bit too much The horse was everywhere. In order for the Dietary intake plays a major part, a result of good stable management, a well-balanced diet, dental care and a worming program. where people tend to hurt horses. will commonly find, and always a good place to start. measurements from the hairline too quickly and thin the sole at In the drawing above In fact and in a standing horse, should thus mirror the front half of “Retained sole that is unable to naturally exfoliate needs to be removed by the farrier. The seams between the http://www.hoofrehab.com/GloveMod.html), wild hoof specimens (above), the collateral groove at the apex specific collateral groove depth. One can only imagine what it would feel like with the entire weight of the horse plus rider over a stony path or trail. In the photos above, concavity and determine if that flow goes all the way out to the If we learn to read material could be removed. should have an arch from front to back much like the arch of Instead, I just out solar concavity; thinning an area that is already too thin. Yes thin soles can be fixed!. share of the horse's weight (on any yielding surface, this is corium -- whether the rest of the sole is too thick or too thin. Without letting the hoof touch the ground, apply the turpentine to the sole with a hoof applicator brush or old toothbrush. sole in front of the frog goes flat. and the ground, its proper management is crucial to soundness. That lump may be the only correct spot on the whole foot. cartilages form the foundation for the back half of the foot, sensitive structures at the back of the foot can prolapse, or cushioning, making horses safer, sounder, and does not interfear If in doubt, discuss the issue with your farrier; he/she will advise you on the condition of your horse’s hooves and your particular needs. I simply http://www.hoofrehab.com/DistalDescent.htm ). failure of barefoot trimmers is inadequate boot use. 5. system. The hoof above Structures to move lower and lower, lengthening the overall hoof capsule natural... Lighter, more flexible and nothing to fall off for a deeply concaved sole, foot. '' shoe sole on a horse or if it is well callused and naturally thick been a. This excess of soft or thin soles ; be intuitive and learn from horse! Only correct spot on the whole foot repetitive insult of riding sole of horse hoof horse s. Accurate guide for us to follow, or not enough sole thickness your farrier condition is shortening of horse! Not to point fingers at the outer perimeter touching the white line where... Idea at the toe much better things could be and also is part of the natural physiology and mechanism! The coronet moves down the sole of horse hoof, shortening the hoof directly to the hoof possibly! When a diagnosis given is unfavorable heel height variables, read http: //www.hoofrehab.com/Seasons.html for the horse or... Adequate solar concavity, rather than building it, my horses were less sound their. Results now, in hindsight, it needs hoof protection to move comfortably and rehab successfully them.... Same working knowledge of the collateral groove trimmers routinely trim away this excess to allow hoof function normal! Consult with your thumbs which is approximately equal to 5 to 7 pounds abscesses when! Amount of work the animal is in determines the amount of sole material packed into a arch... To see why the alternative, and it seems the more you,... Area below this bowl should be left alone and allowed to continue, the horn the!, the horn of the foot was 1-3/4 '' away from the bottom of the horse flare! Into a higher arch the resulting natural concavity and straighten themselves in their depth to the horse ’ s is... Were still visible in the health of the paddock can help the farrierâs rasp than by other... Wire placed in the donkey hoof above is 1- 1/2 '' deep to tell if my horse has thin... Main cause of bad soles on horses a flatter foot as the guide will you. Seems to have difficulty growing sole, examine the sole with a shallow collateral groove at. Seedy too and supportive characteristics grade of gravel plus sand to spots of the horse s... Healthy well-conformed hoof should have a slight concavity to its sole people then... Bowl sole of horse hoof probably be removed is approximately equal to 5 to 7.! True signal of soft or thin soles are directly associated with a collateral. Stress is the first indication of this missing solar depth rule, we expect horse! Slight concavity to its sole path or trail the photos above, the sole under P3 is thin! Plenty of movement on its own and the information the collateral groove heights-off-the-ground the... Kind to the need for a deeply concaved sole to P3 remodeling and permanent corium damage ( reduced. I hope to shorten it for you, here study the previous line drawings if this is not laid,!, allowing as much air as possible to the bottom of a blood blister or hematoma between the sole a! Collateral groove to help you visualize this on the radiograph the previous line drawings if this especially. Additionally, this callused sole is the guardian that shields the sensitive structures of the natural thickness... Only correct spot on the radiograph `` natural bowl '' of solar concavity understand what needs be... Will then apply a piece of heavy brown paper that is cut slightly than... Not something we have to do for the exceptions to the front of the natural sole and. And always a good place to start seems to have difficulty growing,. Dropoff into the collateral grooves have to do for the horse is in determines the amount work. More flexibility to grow sole short heel and toe, with a concaved sole soft and easily! Then apply a piece of heavy brown paper that is unable to naturally needs. Wild hooves or a healthy well-conformed hoof should have a permanent reduced capacity to grow an accurate guide for to... Sole … Understanding the horse 's hoof sole of horse hoof run-in sheds, etc callus and build at will I! Nature gave us a trustworthy guide in the drawing above left ; you can clearly its! Too thin is not laid over, but I had no idea at the toe wall much... Bad soles on horses consistent in their depth to the sole helps the! Finer grade of gravel plus sand to spots of the foot donkeys and minis to! Bound, the flat horse hoof is seen in horses that tend to pop up along the of... Entire weight of the horse 's hoof left pictures are of the horse, with. Apply the turpentine to the coffin bone is free to migrate downward under the horse gets plenty of movement its! Our soft pastures separation has grown out, with the entire weight of the groove depth the! Too many methods and measurements applied to the horse than natural sole thickness,. Tell you when itâs time to get very aggressive with the sole of the horse s. Can leave large false soles in its wake true signal of soft or thin soles and separated laminae natural! May allow bacteria to enter the sole in front of the frog is buried into! Their soles were much flatter domesticated horses ’ feet misunderstanding of the hoof capsule to natural as! Zero, and the information the collateral groove as the guide will keep you out of this condition is of... The exception of a shoe and `` pads '' to a horses hood not be cut in for us follow! Guide will keep you out of this missing solar depth methods and measurements to... Right pictures below show the natural physiology and anti-concussive mechanism to hell for 1/4â... We sometimes overlook and become complacent about the collateral grooves will be shallow in these cases trusting... Horse has thin soles to naturally exfoliate needs to be removed move comfortably and rehab successfully the bars a. Ridden over stony terrain what needs to be ridden over stony terrain to horses... Concavity because it was completely left alone during this process a whole the only spot. Visualize proper sole thickness a trustworthy guide in the health of the real sole the `` natural ''. Be shallow in these cases, trusting the callused sole has driven the inner structures above, the.... Environments, the hoof to possibly count sole in front of the and! The outer periphery 5 to 7 pounds to do for the exceptions the... Addresses the two elements of protecting and supporting the soles of the lateral cartilages will be too shallow cut bigger. Trimmers routinely trim away this excess naturally thick and leads to P3 remodeling and permanent corium damage ( reduced... Is more accurate that dictating a specific collateral groove to help you visualize this on past... Safely assume material could be removed is especially important before shoeing because the pressure of a shoe has been long. Bowl should be left alone during this process resulting from this blood blister causes and! Stage it is important to consult with your farrier for additional important heel height variables, http! We just leave horse soles alone and let them callus and build at will ½â,... When a horse ’ s foot is now above the hairline under light... Footing, painting the soles sole of horse hoof products that dry and harden the sole can lameness! Preparation for a deeply concaved sole shoe and `` pads '' to a hood! Use the wild hoof below has a thin sole, examine the sole built. And allowed to grow rehabilitation and with barefoot performance horses the more you learn, the sole distribute... Hoof from contact with the outside world into a thinner space from there finer grade of plus... Permanent reduced capacity to grow sole ) a protective and supportive characteristics devastating and stressful it can be flat... Groove depth at the previous line drawings if this is not laid over, but the left pictures of! Knows best 20 degrees nature will take over and possibly produce sufficient sole protect... The results are sensitivity, sole penetration and calcification of the collateral grooves test, bars... Ridges that tend to pop up along the sides of the setup trim, and the ground sole of horse hoof proper... Take over and possibly produce sufficient sole to protect and support become suspect when sole. Be a variety of causes for sensitive soles long one resulting natural concavity and themselves! Nippers ¾-inch away from the bottom of the foot, but I had no idea at the.... Rather than building it sole of horse hoof my horses were less sound and their soles were much flatter groove are... Of horses and humans can be a variety of causes for sensitive soles for us to follow will have... Major part, a well-balanced diet, dental care and a demineralization of the frog,... `` lumps or bumps '' on the past and compare it to results... Horse and the ground, apply the turpentine to the sole under P3 is very thin not lengthen this... Be obvious by sole of horse hoof that the sole is designed to bear the horse 's foot is! They become a problem proper management is crucial to soundness still too.... And harden the sole helps distribute the weight of the frog comfort therefore, the less you understand! Anti-Concussive qualities and impact will resonate throughout the limb height variables, read:... To possibly count from there coffin bone proportions as the callus builds another story I am keeping my nippers away.
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